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tree-sitter-cpp.ebnf
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//
// From tree-sitter-cpp/src/grammar.json
//
//
// EBNF to generate railroad diagram at
// (IPV6) https://www.bottlecaps.de/rr/ui
// (IPV4) https://rr.red-dove.com/ui
//
translation_unit ::=
_top_level_item*
_top_level_item ::=
function_definition
| linkage_specification
| declaration
| _top_level_statement
| attributed_statement
| type_definition
| _empty_declaration
| preproc_if
| preproc_ifdef
| preproc_include
| preproc_def
| preproc_function_def
| preproc_call
| namespace_definition
| concept_definition
| namespace_alias_definition
| using_declaration
| alias_declaration
| static_assert_declaration
| template_declaration
| template_instantiation
| constructor_or_destructor_definition
| operator_cast_definition
| operator_cast_declaration
_block_item ::=
function_definition
| linkage_specification
| declaration
| _statement
| attributed_statement
| type_definition
| _empty_declaration
| preproc_if
| preproc_ifdef
| preproc_include
| preproc_def
| preproc_function_def
| preproc_call
| namespace_definition
| concept_definition
| namespace_alias_definition
| using_declaration
| alias_declaration
| static_assert_declaration
| template_declaration
| template_instantiation
| constructor_or_destructor_definition
| operator_cast_definition
| operator_cast_declaration
preproc_include ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'include' ( string_literal | system_lib_string | identifier | preproc_call_expression ) '#x0D'?'#x0A'
preproc_def ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'define' identifier preproc_arg? '#x0D'?'#x0A'
preproc_function_def ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'define' identifier preproc_params preproc_arg? '#x0D'?'#x0A'
preproc_params ::=
'(' ( ( identifier | '...' ) ( ',' ( identifier | '...' ) )* )? ')'
preproc_call ::=
preproc_directive preproc_arg? '#x0D'?'#x0A'
preproc_if ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'if' _preproc_expression '\n' _block_item* ( preproc_else | preproc_elif )? '#'[ #x09]*'endif'
preproc_ifdef ::=
( '#'[ #x09]*'ifdef' | '#'[ #x09]*'ifndef' ) identifier _block_item* ( preproc_else | preproc_elif | preproc_elifdef )? '#'[ #x09]*'endif'
preproc_else ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'else' _block_item*
preproc_elif ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'elif' _preproc_expression '\n' _block_item* ( preproc_else | preproc_elif )?
preproc_elifdef ::=
( '#'[ #x09]*'elifdef' | '#'[ #x09]*'elifndef' ) identifier _block_item* ( preproc_else | preproc_elif )?
preproc_if_in_field_declaration_list ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'if' _preproc_expression '\n' _field_declaration_list_item* ( preproc_else_in_field_declaration_list | preproc_elif_in_field_declaration_list )? '#'[ #x09]*'endif'
preproc_ifdef_in_field_declaration_list ::=
( '#'[ #x09]*'ifdef' | '#'[ #x09]*'ifndef' ) identifier _field_declaration_list_item* ( preproc_else_in_field_declaration_list | preproc_elif_in_field_declaration_list | preproc_elifdef )? '#'[ #x09]*'endif'
preproc_else_in_field_declaration_list ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'else' _field_declaration_list_item*
preproc_elif_in_field_declaration_list ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'elif' _preproc_expression '\n' _field_declaration_list_item* ( preproc_else_in_field_declaration_list | preproc_elif_in_field_declaration_list )?
preproc_elifdef_in_field_declaration_list ::=
( '#'[ #x09]*'elifdef' | '#'[ #x09]*'elifndef' ) identifier _field_declaration_list_item* ( preproc_else_in_field_declaration_list | preproc_elif_in_field_declaration_list )?
preproc_if_in_enumerator_list ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'if' _preproc_expression '\n' ( enumerator ',' )* ( preproc_else_in_enumerator_list | preproc_elif_in_enumerator_list )? '#'[ #x09]*'endif'
preproc_ifdef_in_enumerator_list ::=
( '#'[ #x09]*'ifdef' | '#'[ #x09]*'ifndef' ) identifier ( enumerator ',' )* ( preproc_else_in_enumerator_list | preproc_elif_in_enumerator_list | preproc_elifdef )? '#'[ #x09]*'endif'
preproc_else_in_enumerator_list ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'else' ( enumerator ',' )*
preproc_elif_in_enumerator_list ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'elif' _preproc_expression '\n' ( enumerator ',' )* ( preproc_else_in_enumerator_list | preproc_elif_in_enumerator_list )?
preproc_elifdef_in_enumerator_list ::=
( '#'[ #x09]*'elifdef' | '#'[ #x09]*'elifndef' ) identifier ( enumerator ',' )* ( preproc_else_in_enumerator_list | preproc_elif_in_enumerator_list )?
preproc_if_in_enumerator_list_no_comma ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'if' _preproc_expression '\n' enumerator* ( preproc_else_in_enumerator_list_no_comma | preproc_elif_in_enumerator_list_no_comma )? '#'[ #x09]*'endif'
preproc_ifdef_in_enumerator_list_no_comma ::=
( '#'[ #x09]*'ifdef' | '#'[ #x09]*'ifndef' ) identifier enumerator* ( preproc_else_in_enumerator_list_no_comma | preproc_elif_in_enumerator_list_no_comma | preproc_elifdef )? '#'[ #x09]*'endif'
preproc_else_in_enumerator_list_no_comma ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'else' enumerator*
preproc_elif_in_enumerator_list_no_comma ::=
'#'[ #x09]*'elif' _preproc_expression '\n' enumerator* ( preproc_else_in_enumerator_list_no_comma | preproc_elif_in_enumerator_list_no_comma )?
preproc_elifdef_in_enumerator_list_no_comma ::=
( '#'[ #x09]*'elifdef' | '#'[ #x09]*'elifndef' ) identifier enumerator* ( preproc_else_in_enumerator_list_no_comma | preproc_elif_in_enumerator_list_no_comma )?
preproc_arg ::=
'\S'([^/#x0A]|'\/'[^*]|'\#x0D'?'#x0A')*
preproc_directive ::=
'#'[ #x09]*[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z_]*
_preproc_expression ::=
identifier
| preproc_call_expression
| number_literal
| char_literal
| preproc_defined
| preproc_unary_expression
| preproc_binary_expression
| preproc_parenthesized_expression
preproc_parenthesized_expression ::=
'(' _preproc_expression ')'
preproc_defined ::=
'defined' '(' identifier ')'
| 'defined' identifier
preproc_unary_expression ::=
( '!' | '~' | '-' | '+' ) _preproc_expression
preproc_call_expression ::=
identifier preproc_argument_list
preproc_argument_list ::=
'(' ( _preproc_expression ( ',' _preproc_expression )* )? ')'
preproc_binary_expression ::=
_preproc_expression '+' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '-' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '*' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '/' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '%' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '||' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '&&' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '|' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '^' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '&' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '==' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '!=' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '>' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '>=' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '<=' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '<' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '<<' _preproc_expression
| _preproc_expression '>>' _preproc_expression
function_definition ::=
ms_call_modifier? _declaration_specifiers _declarator ( compound_statement | try_statement )
_old_style_function_definition ::=
ms_call_modifier? _declaration_specifiers _old_style_function_declarator declaration* compound_statement
declaration ::=
_declaration_specifiers _declaration_declarator ';'
_declaration_declarator ::=
( _declarator gnu_asm_expression? | init_declarator ) ( ',' ( _declarator gnu_asm_expression? | init_declarator ) )*
type_definition ::=
'__extension__'? 'typedef' _type_definition_type _type_definition_declarators attribute_specifier* ';'
_type_definition_type ::=
type_qualifier* _type_specifier type_qualifier*
_type_definition_declarators ::=
_type_declarator ( ',' _type_declarator )*
_declaration_modifiers ::=
storage_class_specifier
| type_qualifier
| attribute_specifier
| attribute_declaration
| ms_declspec_modifier
| virtual
| alignas_specifier
_declaration_specifiers ::=
_declaration_modifiers* _type_specifier _declaration_modifiers*
linkage_specification ::=
'extern' string_literal ( function_definition | declaration | declaration_list )
attribute_specifier ::=
'__attribute__' '(' argument_list ')'
attribute ::=
( identifier '::' )? identifier argument_list?
attribute_declaration ::=
'[[' attribute ( ',' attribute )* ']]'
ms_declspec_modifier ::=
'__declspec' '(' identifier ')'
ms_based_modifier ::=
'__based' argument_list
ms_call_modifier ::=
'__cdecl'
| '__clrcall'
| '__stdcall'
| '__fastcall'
| '__thiscall'
| '__vectorcall'
ms_restrict_modifier ::=
'__restrict'
ms_unsigned_ptr_modifier ::=
'__uptr'
ms_signed_ptr_modifier ::=
'__sptr'
ms_unaligned_ptr_modifier ::=
'_unaligned'
| '__unaligned'
ms_pointer_modifier ::=
ms_unaligned_ptr_modifier
| ms_restrict_modifier
| ms_unsigned_ptr_modifier
| ms_signed_ptr_modifier
declaration_list ::=
'{' _block_item* '}'
_declarator ::=
attributed_declarator
| pointer_declarator
| function_declarator
| array_declarator
| parenthesized_declarator
| identifier
| reference_declarator
| qualified_identifier
| template_function
| operator_name
| destructor_name
| structured_binding_declarator
_field_declarator ::=
attributed_field_declarator
| pointer_field_declarator
| function_field_declarator
| array_field_declarator
| parenthesized_field_declarator
| _field_identifier
| reference_field_declarator
| template_method
| operator_name
_type_declarator ::=
attributed_type_declarator
| pointer_type_declarator
| function_type_declarator
| array_type_declarator
| parenthesized_type_declarator
| _type_identifier
| ( 'signed' | 'unsigned' | 'long' | 'short' )
| primitive_type
_abstract_declarator ::=
abstract_pointer_declarator
| abstract_function_declarator
| abstract_array_declarator
| abstract_parenthesized_declarator
| abstract_reference_declarator
parenthesized_declarator ::=
'(' _declarator ')'
parenthesized_field_declarator ::=
'(' _field_declarator ')'
parenthesized_type_declarator ::=
'(' _type_declarator ')'
abstract_parenthesized_declarator ::=
'(' _abstract_declarator ')'
attributed_declarator ::=
_declarator attribute_declaration+
attributed_field_declarator ::=
_field_declarator attribute_declaration+
attributed_type_declarator ::=
_type_declarator attribute_declaration+
pointer_declarator ::=
ms_based_modifier? '*' ms_pointer_modifier* type_qualifier* _declarator
pointer_field_declarator ::=
ms_based_modifier? '*' ms_pointer_modifier* type_qualifier* _field_declarator
pointer_type_declarator ::=
ms_based_modifier? '*' ms_pointer_modifier* type_qualifier* _type_declarator
abstract_pointer_declarator ::=
'*' type_qualifier* _abstract_declarator?
function_declarator ::=
_declarator _function_declarator_seq
function_field_declarator ::=
_field_declarator _function_declarator_seq
function_type_declarator ::=
_type_declarator parameter_list
abstract_function_declarator ::=
_abstract_declarator? _function_declarator_seq
_old_style_function_declarator ::=
_declarator _old_style_parameter_list
array_declarator ::=
_declarator '[' type_qualifier* ( _expression | '*' )? ']'
array_field_declarator ::=
_field_declarator '[' type_qualifier* ( _expression | '*' )? ']'
array_type_declarator ::=
_type_declarator '[' type_qualifier* ( _expression | '*' )? ']'
abstract_array_declarator ::=
_abstract_declarator? '[' type_qualifier* ( _expression | '*' )? ']'
init_declarator ::=
_declarator '=' ( initializer_list | _expression )
| _declarator ( argument_list | initializer_list )
compound_statement ::=
'{' _block_item* '}'
storage_class_specifier ::=
'extern'
| 'static'
| 'register'
| 'inline'
| '__inline'
| '__inline__'
| '__forceinline'
| 'thread_local'
| '__thread'
| 'thread_local'
type_qualifier ::=
'const'
| 'constexpr'
| 'volatile'
| 'restrict'
| '__restrict__'
| '__extension__'
| '_Atomic'
| '_Noreturn'
| 'noreturn'
| 'mutable'
| 'constinit'
| 'consteval'
_type_specifier ::=
struct_specifier
| union_specifier
| enum_specifier
| class_specifier
| sized_type_specifier
| primitive_type
| template_type
| dependent_type
| placeholder_type_specifier
| decltype
| qualified_type_identifier | _type_identifier
sized_type_specifier ::=
( 'signed' | 'unsigned' | 'long' | 'short' )* ( _type_identifier | primitive_type )? ( 'signed' | 'unsigned' | 'long' | 'short' )+
| ( 'signed' | 'unsigned' | 'long' | 'short' )+ ( _type_identifier | primitive_type )? ( 'signed' | 'unsigned' | 'long' | 'short' )*
primitive_type ::=
( 'bool' | 'char' | 'int' | 'float' | 'double' | 'void' | 'size_t' | 'ssize_t' | 'ptrdiff_t' | 'intptr_t' | 'uintptr_t' | 'charptr_t' | 'nullptr_t' | 'max_align_t' | 'int8_t' | 'int16_t' | 'int32_t' | 'int64_t' | 'uint8_t' | 'uint16_t' | 'uint32_t' | 'uint64_t' | 'char8_t' | 'char16_t' | 'char32_t' | 'char64_t' )
enum_specifier ::=
'enum' ( 'class' | 'struct' )? ( _class_name _enum_base_clause? enumerator_list? | enumerator_list ) attribute_specifier?
enumerator_list ::=
'{' ( enumerator ',' | preproc_if_in_enumerator_list | preproc_ifdef_in_enumerator_list )* ( ( enumerator | preproc_if_in_enumerator_list_no_comma | preproc_ifdef_in_enumerator_list_no_comma ) )? '}'
struct_specifier ::=
'struct' _class_declaration
union_specifier ::=
'union' _class_declaration
field_declaration_list ::=
'{' _field_declaration_list_item* '}'
_field_declaration_list_item ::=
field_declaration
| preproc_def
| preproc_function_def
| preproc_call
| preproc_if_in_field_declaration_list
| preproc_ifdef_in_field_declaration_list
| template_declaration
| inline_method_definition
| constructor_or_destructor_definition
| constructor_or_destructor_declaration
| operator_cast_definition
| operator_cast_declaration
| friend_declaration
| access_specifier ':'
| alias_declaration
| using_declaration
| type_definition
| static_assert_declaration
field_declaration ::=
_declaration_specifiers ( _field_declarator ( bitfield_clause | initializer_list | '=' ( _expression | initializer_list ) )? ( ',' _field_declarator ( bitfield_clause | initializer_list | '=' ( _expression | initializer_list ) )? )* )? attribute_specifier? ';'
_field_declaration_declarator ::=
_field_declarator bitfield_clause? ( ',' _field_declarator bitfield_clause? )*
bitfield_clause ::=
':' _expression
enumerator ::=
identifier ( '=' _expression )?
variadic_parameter ::=
'...'
parameter_list ::=
'(' ( ( parameter_declaration | optional_parameter_declaration | variadic_parameter_declaration | '...' ) ( ',' ( parameter_declaration | optional_parameter_declaration | variadic_parameter_declaration | '...' ) )* )? ')'
_old_style_parameter_list ::=
'(' ( ( identifier | variadic_parameter ) ( ',' ( identifier | variadic_parameter ) )* )? ')'
parameter_declaration ::=
_declaration_specifiers ( _declarator | _abstract_declarator )?
attributed_statement ::=
attribute_declaration+ _statement
_statement ::=
case_statement
| _non_case_statement
_non_case_statement ::=
attributed_statement
| labeled_statement
| compound_statement
| expression_statement
| if_statement
| switch_statement
| do_statement
| while_statement
| for_statement
| return_statement
| break_statement
| continue_statement
| goto_statement
| seh_try_statement
| seh_leave_statement
| co_return_statement
| co_yield_statement
| for_range_loop
| try_statement
| throw_statement
_top_level_statement ::=
case_statement
| attributed_statement
| labeled_statement
| compound_statement
| _top_level_expression_statement
| if_statement
| switch_statement
| do_statement
| while_statement
| for_statement
| return_statement
| break_statement
| continue_statement
| goto_statement
| co_return_statement
| co_yield_statement
| for_range_loop
| try_statement
| throw_statement
labeled_statement ::=
_statement_identifier ':' _statement
_top_level_expression_statement ::=
_expression_not_binary ';'
expression_statement ::=
( _expression | comma_expression )? ';'
if_statement ::=
'if' 'constexpr'? condition_clause _statement else_clause?
else_clause ::=
'else' _statement
switch_statement ::=
'switch' condition_clause compound_statement
case_statement ::=
( 'case' _expression | 'default' ) ':' ( _non_case_statement | declaration | type_definition )*
while_statement ::=
'while' condition_clause _statement
do_statement ::=
'do' _statement 'while' parenthesized_expression ';'
for_statement ::=
'for' '(' _for_statement_body ')' _statement
_for_statement_body ::=
( declaration | ( _expression | comma_expression )? ';' ) ( _expression | comma_expression )? ';' ( _expression | comma_expression )?
return_statement ::=
( 'return' ( _expression | comma_expression )? ';' | 'return' initializer_list ';' )
break_statement ::=
'break' ';'
continue_statement ::=
'continue' ';'
goto_statement ::=
'goto' _statement_identifier ';'
seh_try_statement ::=
'__try' compound_statement ( seh_except_clause | seh_finally_clause )
seh_except_clause ::=
'__except' parenthesized_expression compound_statement
seh_finally_clause ::=
'__finally' compound_statement
seh_leave_statement ::=
'__leave' ';'
_expression ::=
_expression_not_binary
| binary_expression
_expression_not_binary ::=
conditional_expression
| assignment_expression
| unary_expression
| update_expression
| cast_expression
| pointer_expression
| sizeof_expression
| alignof_expression
| offsetof_expression
| generic_expression
| subscript_expression
| call_expression
| field_expression
| compound_literal_expression
| identifier
| number_literal
| string_literal
| true
| false
| null
| concatenated_string
| char_literal
| parenthesized_expression
| gnu_asm_expression
| co_await_expression
| requires_expression
| requires_clause
| template_function
| qualified_identifier
| new_expression
| delete_expression
| lambda_expression
| parameter_pack_expansion
| this
| raw_string_literal
| user_defined_literal
| fold_expression
comma_expression ::=
_expression ',' ( _expression | comma_expression )
conditional_expression ::=
_expression '?' _expression? ':' _expression
_assignment_left_expression ::=
identifier
| call_expression
| field_expression
| pointer_expression
| subscript_expression
| parenthesized_expression
| qualified_identifier
| user_defined_literal
assignment_expression ::=
_assignment_left_expression ( '=' | '*=' | '/=' | '%=' | '+=' | '-=' | '<<=' | '>>=' | '&=' | '^=' | '|=' | 'and_eq' | 'or_eq' | 'xor_eq' ) ( _expression | initializer_list )
pointer_expression ::=
( '*' | '&' ) _expression
unary_expression ::=
( '!' | '~' | '-' | '+' ) _expression
| ( 'not' | 'compl' ) _expression
binary_expression ::=
_expression '+' _expression
| _expression '-' _expression
| _expression '*' _expression
| _expression '/' _expression
| _expression '%' _expression
| _expression '||' _expression
| _expression '&&' _expression
| _expression '|' _expression
| _expression '^' _expression
| _expression '&' _expression
| _expression '==' _expression
| _expression '!=' _expression
| _expression '>' _expression
| _expression '>=' _expression
| _expression '<=' _expression
| _expression '<' _expression
| _expression '<<' _expression
| _expression '>>' _expression
| _expression '<=>' _expression
| _expression 'or' _expression
| _expression 'and' _expression
| _expression 'bitor' _expression
| _expression 'xor' _expression
| _expression 'bitand' _expression
| _expression 'not_eq' _expression
update_expression ::=
( '--' | '++' ) _expression | _expression ( '--' | '++' )
cast_expression ::=
'(' type_descriptor ')' _expression
type_descriptor ::=
type_qualifier* _type_specifier type_qualifier* _abstract_declarator?
sizeof_expression ::=
'sizeof' ( _expression | '(' type_descriptor ')' ) | 'sizeof' '...' '(' identifier ')'
alignof_expression ::=
( '__alignof__' | '__alignof' | '_alignof' | 'alignof' | '_Alignof' ) '(' type_descriptor ')'
offsetof_expression ::=
'offsetof' '(' type_descriptor ',' _field_identifier ')'
generic_expression ::=
'_Generic' '(' _expression ',' type_descriptor ':' _expression ( ',' type_descriptor ':' _expression )* ')'
subscript_expression ::=
_expression subscript_argument_list
call_expression ::=
_expression argument_list
| primitive_type argument_list
gnu_asm_expression ::=
( 'asm' | '__asm__' ) gnu_asm_qualifier* '(' ( string_literal | concatenated_string ) ( gnu_asm_output_operand_list ( gnu_asm_input_operand_list ( gnu_asm_clobber_list gnu_asm_goto_list? )? )? )? ')'
gnu_asm_qualifier ::=
'volatile'
| 'inline'
| 'goto'
gnu_asm_output_operand_list ::=
':' ( gnu_asm_output_operand ( ',' gnu_asm_output_operand )* )?
gnu_asm_output_operand ::=
( '[' identifier ']' )? string_literal '(' identifier ')'
gnu_asm_input_operand_list ::=
':' ( gnu_asm_input_operand ( ',' gnu_asm_input_operand )* )?
gnu_asm_input_operand ::=
( '[' identifier ']' )? string_literal '(' _expression ')'
gnu_asm_clobber_list ::=
':' ( string_literal ( ',' string_literal )* )?
gnu_asm_goto_list ::=
':' ( identifier ( ',' identifier )* )?
argument_list ::=
'(' ( ( '__extension__'? _expression | initializer_list | compound_statement ) ( ',' ( '__extension__'? _expression | initializer_list | compound_statement ) )* )? ')'
field_expression ::=
_expression ( '.' | '.*' | '->' ) ( _field_identifier | destructor_name | template_method | dependent_field_identifier )
compound_literal_expression ::=
'(' type_descriptor ')' initializer_list
| ( _class_name | primitive_type ) initializer_list
parenthesized_expression ::=
'(' ( _expression | comma_expression ) ')'
| '(' _assignment_expression_lhs ')'
initializer_list ::=
'{' ( ( initializer_pair | _expression | initializer_list ) ( ',' ( initializer_pair | _expression | initializer_list ) )* )? ','? '}'
initializer_pair ::=
( subscript_designator | field_designator | subscript_range_designator )+ '=' ( _expression | initializer_list )
| _field_identifier ':' ( _expression | initializer_list )
subscript_designator ::=
'[' _expression ']'
subscript_range_designator ::=
'[' _expression '...' _expression ']'
field_designator ::=
'.' _field_identifier
number_literal ::=
( [-\+]? ( ( ( '0b' | '0B' ) [01]+ ( "'" [01]+ )* | [1-9] [0-9]* ( "'" [0-9]+ )* | ( '0x' | '0X' ) [0-9a-fA-F]+ ( "'" [0-9a-fA-F]+ )* | '0' [0-7]* ( "'" [0-7]+ )* ) ('ll'|'LL')[uU]?|[uU]('ll'|'LL')?|[uU][lL]?|[uU][zZ]?|[lL][uU]?|[zZ][uU]?? | ( [0-9]+ ( "'" [0-9]+ )* [eE] [-\+]? [0-9]+ ( "'" [0-9]+ )* | [0-9]+ ( "'" [0-9]+ )* '.' ( [0-9]+ ( "'" [0-9]+ )* )? ( [eE] [-\+]? [0-9]+ ( "'" [0-9]+ )* )? | '.' [0-9]+ ( "'" [0-9]+ )* ( [eE] [-\+]? [0-9]+ ( "'" [0-9]+ )* )? | ( '0x' | '0X' ) ( [0-9a-fA-F]+ ( "'" [0-9a-fA-F]+ )* | [0-9a-fA-F]+ ( "'" [0-9a-fA-F]+ )* '.' ( [0-9a-fA-F]+ ( "'" [0-9a-fA-F]+ )* )? | '.' [0-9a-fA-F]+ ( "'" [0-9a-fA-F]+ )* ) [pP] [-\+]? [0-9]+ ( "'" [0-9]+ )* ) ([fF]('16'|'32'|'64'|'128')?)|[lL]|('bf16'|'BF16')? ) )
char_literal ::=
( "L'" | "u'" | "U'" | "u8'" | "'" ) ( escape_sequence | [^#x0A'] )+ "'"
concatenated_string ::=
( identifier | string_literal | raw_string_literal ) ( string_literal | raw_string_literal ) ( identifier | string_literal | raw_string_literal )*
string_literal ::=
( 'L"' | 'u"' | 'U"' | 'u8"' | '"' ) ( [^\"#x0A]+ | escape_sequence )* '"'
escape_sequence ::=
'\\' ( [^xuU] | [0-9]'{2,3}' | 'x'[0-9a-fA-F]'{2,}' | 'u'[0-9a-fA-F]'{4}' | 'U'[0-9a-fA-F]'{8}' )
system_lib_string ::=
( '<' ( [^>#x0A] | '\>' )* '>' )
true ::=
( 'TRUE' | 'true' )
false ::=
( 'FALSE' | 'false' )
null ::=
'NULL'
| 'nullptr'
identifier ::=
('\p{XID_Start}'|'\$'|'_'|'\u'[0-9A-Fa-f]'{4}'|'\U'[0-9A-Fa-f]'{8}')('\p{XID_Continue}'|'\$'|'\u'[0-9A-Fa-f]'{4}'|'\U'[0-9A-Fa-f]'{8}')*
_type_identifier ::=
identifier
_field_identifier ::=
identifier
_statement_identifier ::=
identifier
_empty_declaration ::=
_type_specifier ';'
macro_type_specifier ::=
identifier '(' type_descriptor ')'
comment ::=
( '//' ('\'+('.'|'#x0D'?'#x0A')|[^\#x0A])* | '/*' [^*]*'\'*+([^/*][^*]*'\'*+)* '/' )
placeholder_type_specifier ::=
_type_specifier? ( auto | decltype_auto )
auto ::=
'auto'
decltype_auto ::=
'decltype' '(' auto ')'
decltype ::=
'decltype' '(' _expression ')'
_class_declaration ::=
( attribute_specifier | alignas_specifier )* ms_declspec_modifier? attribute_declaration* _class_declaration_item
_class_declaration_item ::=
( _class_name | _class_name? virtual_specifier? base_class_clause? field_declaration_list ) attribute_specifier?
class_specifier ::=
'class' _class_declaration
_class_name ::=
_type_identifier | template_type | qualified_type_identifier
virtual_specifier ::=
'final'
| 'override'
virtual ::=
'virtual'
alignas_specifier ::=
'alignas' '(' ( _expression | primitive_type ) ')'
explicit_function_specifier ::=
'explicit'
| 'explicit' '(' _expression ')'
base_class_clause ::=
':' attribute_declaration* ( access_specifier | access_specifier virtual | virtual access_specifier )? _class_name '...'? ( ',' attribute_declaration* ( access_specifier | access_specifier virtual | virtual access_specifier )? _class_name '...'? )*
_enum_base_clause ::=
':' ( qualified_type_identifier | _type_identifier | primitive_type | sized_type_specifier )
dependent_type ::=
'typename' _type_specifier
template_declaration ::=
'template' template_parameter_list requires_clause? ( _empty_declaration | alias_declaration | declaration | template_declaration | function_definition | concept_definition | friend_declaration | constructor_or_destructor_declaration | constructor_or_destructor_definition | operator_cast_declaration | operator_cast_definition )
template_instantiation ::=
'template' _declaration_specifiers? _declarator ';'
template_parameter_list ::=
'<' ( ( parameter_declaration | optional_parameter_declaration | type_parameter_declaration | variadic_parameter_declaration | variadic_type_parameter_declaration | optional_type_parameter_declaration | template_template_parameter_declaration ) ( ',' ( parameter_declaration | optional_parameter_declaration | type_parameter_declaration | variadic_parameter_declaration | variadic_type_parameter_declaration | optional_type_parameter_declaration | template_template_parameter_declaration ) )* )? '>'
type_parameter_declaration ::=
( 'typename' | 'class' ) _type_identifier?
variadic_type_parameter_declaration ::=
( 'typename' | 'class' ) '...' _type_identifier?
optional_type_parameter_declaration ::=
( 'typename' | 'class' ) _type_identifier? '=' _type_specifier
template_template_parameter_declaration ::=
'template' template_parameter_list ( type_parameter_declaration | variadic_type_parameter_declaration | optional_type_parameter_declaration )
optional_parameter_declaration ::=
_declaration_specifiers ( _declarator | abstract_reference_declarator )? '=' _expression
variadic_parameter_declaration ::=
_declaration_specifiers ( variadic_declarator | variadic_reference_declarator )
variadic_declarator ::=
'...' identifier?
variadic_reference_declarator ::=
( '&&' | '&' ) variadic_declarator
operator_cast ::=
'operator' _declaration_specifiers _abstract_declarator
field_initializer_list ::=
':' field_initializer ( ',' field_initializer )*
field_initializer ::=
( _field_identifier | template_method | qualified_field_identifier ) ( initializer_list | argument_list ) '...'?
inline_method_definition ::=
_declaration_specifiers _field_declarator ( ( compound_statement | try_statement ) | default_method_clause | delete_method_clause )
_constructor_specifiers ::=
_declaration_modifiers
| explicit_function_specifier
operator_cast_definition ::=
_constructor_specifiers* ( operator_cast | qualified_operator_cast_identifier ) ( compound_statement | try_statement )
operator_cast_declaration ::=
_constructor_specifiers* ( operator_cast | qualified_operator_cast_identifier ) ( '=' _expression )? ';'
constructor_try_statement ::=
'try' field_initializer_list? compound_statement catch_clause+
constructor_or_destructor_definition ::=
_constructor_specifiers* function_declarator ( field_initializer_list? compound_statement | constructor_try_statement | default_method_clause | delete_method_clause )
constructor_or_destructor_declaration ::=
_constructor_specifiers* function_declarator ';'
default_method_clause ::=
'=' 'default' ';'
delete_method_clause ::=
'=' 'delete' ';'
friend_declaration ::=
'friend' ( declaration | function_definition | ( 'class' | 'struct' | 'union' )? _class_name ';' )
access_specifier ::=
'public'
| 'private'
| 'protected'
reference_declarator ::=
( '&' | '&&' ) _declarator
reference_field_declarator ::=
( '&' | '&&' ) _field_declarator
abstract_reference_declarator ::=
( '&' | '&&' ) _abstract_declarator?
structured_binding_declarator ::=
'[' identifier ( ',' identifier )* ']'
ref_qualifier ::=
'&'
| '&&'
_function_declarator_seq ::=
parameter_list _function_attributes_start? ref_qualifier? _function_exception_specification? _function_attributes_end? trailing_return_type? _function_postfix?
_function_attributes_start ::=
attribute_specifier+ type_qualifier* | attribute_specifier* type_qualifier+
_function_exception_specification ::=
noexcept
| throw_specifier
_function_attributes_end ::=
gnu_asm_expression? ( attribute_specifier+ attribute_declaration* | attribute_specifier* attribute_declaration+ )
_function_postfix ::=
virtual_specifier+ | requires_clause
trailing_return_type ::=
'->' type_descriptor
noexcept ::=
'noexcept' ( '(' _expression? ')' )?
throw_specifier ::=
'throw' '(' ( type_descriptor ( ',' type_descriptor )* )? ')'
template_type ::=
_type_identifier template_argument_list
template_method ::=
( _field_identifier | operator_name ) template_argument_list
template_function ::=
identifier template_argument_list
template_argument_list ::=
'<' ( ( type_descriptor | type_parameter_pack_expansion | _expression ) ( ',' ( type_descriptor | type_parameter_pack_expansion | _expression ) )* )? '>'