Add a warning for auto-import of types

This adds a warning for the auto-import of types cases (#25744) that
we have long considered a bit of a bug, but didn't want to change because
it is too breaking.

The reason to do it now is that the binding rework has made this case
more problematic (see #57290). To summarize, the question is what
happens when the compiler sees `f(x) = ...` and `f` is currently
and implicitly imported binding. There are two options:

1. We add a method to the generic function referred to by `f`, or
2. We create a new generic function `f` in the current module.

Historically, case 1 has the additional complication that this
error'd unless `f` is a type. It is my impression that a lot
of existing code did not have a particularly good understanding
of the resolved-ness dependence of this behavior.

However, because case 1 errors for generic functions, it appears
that existing code generally expects case 2. On the other hand,
for types, there is existing code in both directions (#57290 is
an example of case 2; see #57302 for examples of case 1). That
said, case 1 is more common (because types tend to be resolved
because they're used in signatures at toplevel).

Thus, to retain compatibility, the current behavior on master (where
resolvedness is no longer available) is that we always choose
case 2 for functions and case 1 for types. This inconsistency is
unfortunate, but I tried resolving this in either way (making
all situations case 1 or all case 2) and the result was too breaking.

Nevertheless, it is problematic that there is existing code that
expects case 2 beavior for types and we should help users to know
what the correct way to fix it is. The proposed resolution is thus:
1. Retain case 1 behavior for types
2. Make it a warning to use, encouraging people to explicitly import,
   since we generally consider the #25744 case a bug.

Example:
```
julia> module Foo
         String(i::Int) = i
       end
WARNING: Type Core.String was auto-`import`ed in `Foo`.
NOTE: This behavior is deprecated and may change in future Julia versions.
NOTE: This behavior may have differed in Julia versions prior to 1.12 depending on binding resolution.
Hint: To retain the current behavior, add an explicit `import Core: String` in Foo.
Hint: To create a new generic function of the same name use `function String end`.
Main.Foo
```

src/codegen.cpp

@@ -1019,7 +1019,7 @@ static const auto jlgenericfunction_func = new JuliaFunction<>{
         auto T_jlvalue = JuliaType::get_jlvalue_ty(C);
         auto T_pjlvalue = PointerType::get(T_jlvalue, 0);
         auto T_prjlvalue = PointerType::get(T_jlvalue, AddressSpace::Tracked);
-        return FunctionType::get(T_prjlvalue, {T_pjlvalue, T_pjlvalue, T_pjlvalue}, false);
+        return FunctionType::get(T_prjlvalue, {T_pjlvalue, T_pjlvalue}, false);
     },
     nullptr,
 };
@@ -6868,8 +6868,6 @@ static jl_cgval_t emit_expr(jl_codectx_t &ctx, jl_value_t *expr, ssize_t ssaidx_
             jl_value_t *mn = args[0];
             assert(jl_is_symbol(mn) || jl_is_slotnumber(mn) || jl_is_globalref(mn));
 
-            Value *bp = NULL, *name;
-            jl_binding_t *bnd = NULL;
             bool issym = jl_is_symbol(mn);
             bool isglobalref = !issym && jl_is_globalref(mn);
             jl_module_t *mod = ctx.module;
@@ -6878,26 +6876,11 @@ static jl_cgval_t emit_expr(jl_codectx_t &ctx, jl_value_t *expr, ssize_t ssaidx_
                     mod = jl_globalref_mod(mn);
                     mn = (jl_value_t*)jl_globalref_name(mn);
                 }
-                JL_TRY {
-                    if (jl_symbol_name((jl_sym_t*)mn)[0] == '@')
-                        jl_errorf("macro definition not allowed inside a local scope");
-                    name = literal_pointer_val(ctx, mn);
-                    bnd = jl_get_binding_for_method_def(mod, (jl_sym_t*)mn);
-                }
-                JL_CATCH {
-                    jl_value_t *e = jl_current_exception(jl_current_task);
-                    // errors. boo. :(
-                    JL_GC_PUSH1(&e);
-                    e = jl_as_global_root(e, 1);
-                    JL_GC_POP();
-                    raise_exception(ctx, literal_pointer_val(ctx, e));
-                    return ghostValue(ctx, jl_nothing_type);
-                }
-                bp = julia_binding_gv(ctx, bnd);
                 jl_cgval_t gf = mark_julia_type(
                         ctx,
-                        ctx.builder.CreateCall(prepare_call(jlgenericfunction_func), { bp,
-                            literal_pointer_val(ctx, (jl_value_t*)mod), name
+                        ctx.builder.CreateCall(prepare_call(jlgenericfunction_func), {
+                            literal_pointer_val(ctx, (jl_value_t*)mod),
+                            literal_pointer_val(ctx, (jl_value_t*)mn)
                         }),
                         true,
                         jl_function_type);

src/interpreter.c

@@ -93,8 +93,7 @@ static jl_value_t *eval_methoddef(jl_expr_t *ex, interpreter_state *s)
         if (!jl_is_symbol(fname)) {
             jl_error("method: invalid declaration");
         }
-        jl_binding_t *b = jl_get_binding_for_method_def(modu, fname);
-        return jl_declare_const_gf(b, modu, fname);
+        return jl_declare_const_gf(modu, fname);
     }
 
     jl_value_t *atypes = NULL, *meth = NULL, *fname = NULL;

src/julia.h

@@ -1901,7 +1901,7 @@ JL_DLLEXPORT jl_value_t *jl_get_binding_value(jl_binding_t *b JL_PROPAGATES_ROOT
 JL_DLLEXPORT jl_value_t *jl_get_binding_value_if_const(jl_binding_t *b JL_PROPAGATES_ROOT);
 JL_DLLEXPORT jl_value_t *jl_get_binding_value_if_resolved(jl_binding_t *b JL_PROPAGATES_ROOT) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT;
 JL_DLLEXPORT jl_value_t *jl_get_binding_value_if_resolved_and_const(jl_binding_t *b JL_PROPAGATES_ROOT) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT;
-JL_DLLEXPORT jl_value_t *jl_declare_const_gf(jl_binding_t *b, jl_module_t *mod, jl_sym_t *name);
+JL_DLLEXPORT jl_value_t *jl_declare_const_gf(jl_module_t *mod, jl_sym_t *name);
 JL_DLLEXPORT jl_method_t *jl_method_def(jl_svec_t *argdata, jl_methtable_t *mt, jl_code_info_t *f, jl_module_t *module);
 JL_DLLEXPORT jl_code_info_t *jl_code_for_staged(jl_method_instance_t *linfo, size_t world, jl_code_instance_t **cache);
 JL_DLLEXPORT jl_code_info_t *jl_copy_code_info(jl_code_info_t *src);
@@ -2051,7 +2051,7 @@ JL_DLLEXPORT jl_value_t *jl_get_binding_type(jl_module_t *m, jl_sym_t *var);
 // get binding for assignment
 JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_check_binding_currently_writable(jl_binding_t *b, jl_module_t *m, jl_sym_t *s);
 JL_DLLEXPORT jl_binding_t *jl_get_binding_wr(jl_module_t *m JL_PROPAGATES_ROOT, jl_sym_t *var);
-JL_DLLEXPORT jl_binding_t *jl_get_binding_for_method_def(jl_module_t *m JL_PROPAGATES_ROOT, jl_sym_t *var);
+JL_DLLEXPORT jl_binding_t *jl_get_binding_for_method_def(jl_module_t *m JL_PROPAGATES_ROOT, jl_sym_t *var, size_t new_world);
 JL_DLLEXPORT int jl_boundp(jl_module_t *m, jl_sym_t *var, int allow_import);
 JL_DLLEXPORT int jl_defines_or_exports_p(jl_module_t *m, jl_sym_t *var);
 JL_DLLEXPORT int jl_is_const(jl_module_t *m, jl_sym_t *var);

src/method.c

@@ -1050,10 +1050,11 @@ JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_check_gf(jl_value_t *gf, jl_sym_t *name)
         jl_errorf("cannot define function %s; it already has a value", jl_symbol_name(name));
 }
 
-JL_DLLEXPORT jl_value_t *jl_declare_const_gf(jl_binding_t *b, jl_module_t *mod, jl_sym_t *name)
+JL_DLLEXPORT jl_value_t *jl_declare_const_gf(jl_module_t *mod, jl_sym_t *name)
 {
     JL_LOCK(&world_counter_lock);
     size_t new_world = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&jl_world_counter) + 1;
+    jl_binding_t *b = jl_get_binding_for_method_def(mod, name, new_world);
     jl_binding_partition_t *bpart = jl_get_binding_partition(b, new_world);
     jl_ptr_kind_union_t pku = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&bpart->restriction);
     jl_value_t *gf = NULL;

src/module.c

@@ -588,10 +588,10 @@ JL_DLLEXPORT jl_value_t *jl_reresolve_binding_value_seqcst(jl_binding_t *b)
 
 // get binding for adding a method
 // like jl_get_binding_wr, but has different error paths and messages
-JL_DLLEXPORT jl_binding_t *jl_get_binding_for_method_def(jl_module_t *m, jl_sym_t *var)
+JL_DLLEXPORT jl_binding_t *jl_get_binding_for_method_def(jl_module_t *m, jl_sym_t *var, size_t new_world)
 {
     jl_binding_t *b = jl_get_module_binding(m, var, 1);
-    jl_binding_partition_t *bpart = jl_get_binding_partition(b, jl_current_task->world_age);
+    jl_binding_partition_t *bpart = jl_get_binding_partition(b, new_world);
     jl_ptr_kind_union_t pku = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&bpart->restriction);
     enum jl_partition_kind kind = decode_restriction_kind(pku);
     if (kind == BINDING_KIND_GLOBAL || kind == BINDING_KIND_DECLARED || jl_bkind_is_some_constant(decode_restriction_kind(pku)))
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ JL_DLLEXPORT jl_binding_t *jl_get_binding_for_method_def(jl_module_t *m, jl_sym_
         return b;
     }
     jl_binding_t *ownerb = b;
-    pku = jl_walk_binding_inplace(&ownerb, &bpart, jl_current_task->world_age);
+    pku = jl_walk_binding_inplace(&ownerb, &bpart, new_world);
     jl_value_t *f = NULL;
     if (jl_bkind_is_some_constant(decode_restriction_kind(pku)))
         f = decode_restriction_value(pku);
@@ -629,10 +629,22 @@ JL_DLLEXPORT jl_binding_t *jl_get_binding_for_method_def(jl_module_t *m, jl_sym_
                         jl_symbol_name(m->name), from ? jl_symbol_name(from->name) : "<null>", jl_symbol_name(var));
         }
     }
-    else if (strcmp(jl_symbol_name(var), "=>") == 0 && (kind == BINDING_KIND_IMPLICIT || kind == BINDING_KIND_EXPLICIT)) {
+    else if (kind != BINDING_KIND_IMPORTED) {
+        int should_error = strcmp(jl_symbol_name(var), "=>") == 0;
         jl_module_t *from = jl_binding_dbgmodule(b, m, var);
-        jl_errorf("invalid method definition in %s: function %s.%s must be explicitly imported to be extended",
-                    jl_symbol_name(m->name), from ? jl_symbol_name(from->name) : "<null>", jl_symbol_name(var));
+        if (should_error)
+            jl_errorf("invalid method definition in %s: function %s.%s must be explicitly imported to be extended",
+                        jl_symbol_name(m->name), from ? jl_symbol_name(from->name) : "<null>", jl_symbol_name(var));
+        else
+            jl_printf(JL_STDERR, "WARNING: Type %s.%s was auto-`import`ed in `%s`.\n"
+                                 "NOTE: This behavior is deprecated and may error in future Julia versions.\n"
+                                 "NOTE: This behavior may have differed in Julia versions prior to 1.12 depending on binding resolution."
+                                 "Hint: To retain the current beavior, add an explicit `import %s: %s`\n"
+                                 "Hint: To create a new generic function of the same name use `function %s end`.\n",
+                from ? jl_symbol_name(from->name) : "<null>", jl_symbol_name(var),
+                jl_symbol_name(m->name)
+                from ? jl_symbol_name(from->name) : "<null>", jl_symbol_name(var),
+                jl_symbol_name(var));
     }
     return ownerb;
 }

test/errorshow.jl

@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ let err_str
     @test occursin("For element-wise subtraction, use broadcasting with dot syntax: array .- scalar", err_str)
 end
 
-
+import Core: String
 method_defs_lineno = @__LINE__() + 1
 String() = throw(ErrorException("1"))
 (::String)() = throw(ErrorException("2"))