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56 changes: 28 additions & 28 deletions docs/S02L01s_basic_vectors0.tasks.code.html
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Expand Up @@ -508,48 +508,48 @@ <h2>Primary exercises</h2>
</ol>
<pre class="r"><code>v &lt;- rnorm( 10 ) # a vector of random numbers
v</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -0.1955600 1.2224559 0.4161210 0.5557979 1.1768362 -0.8927911 1.1274598 0.0833340 -0.6966560
[10] 0.5264064</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -0.18307492 0.40828402 0.60695704 1.07280746 -0.01743504 -1.65553886 -0.21086748 1.05840092
[9] -1.61990269 0.67334792</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>v &lt;- rnorm( 10 ) # another vector of random numbers
v</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -0.8900154 1.5545248 -0.4339363 -1.8410289 1.0875566 0.9413445 -0.3323517 -1.1841455 -0.7020470
[10] 0.4615328</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 1.12842334 0.64885967 -1.84891971 -0.23200304 0.71898670 -1.70755617 0.03928704 -0.02290197
[9] 0.37495849 0.34962041</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>min( v )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] -1.841029</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] -1.84892</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>max( v )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 1.554525</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 1.128423</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>mean( v )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] -0.1338566</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] -0.05512452</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>median( v )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] -0.383144</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 0.1944537</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>sd( v )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 1.100234</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 0.9907285</code></pre>
<ol start="6" style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li><em>Selecting and counting elements by a condition</em>. Type <code>v &lt; 0</code> and understand the result.<br />
How to interpret the number produced by <code>sum( v &lt; 0 )</code>? How to interpret the number produced by <code>sum( !( v &lt; 0 ) )</code>?</li>
</ol>
<pre class="r"><code>v &lt; 0 # TRUE corresponds to elements of vector v smaller than 0</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>sum( v &lt; 0 ) # calculates the number of negative elements in vector v</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 6</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>sum( !( v &lt; 0 ) ) # calculates the number of non-negative (so, positive OR ZERO) elements in vector v </code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 4</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>sum( !( v &lt; 0 ) ) # calculates the number of non-negative (so, positive OR ZERO) elements in vector v </code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 6</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>sum( v &gt;= 0 ) # same as above</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 4</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 6</code></pre>
<ol start="7" style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li><em>Head and tail</em>.<br />
Often there is a need to quickly look at the beginning (<code>head</code>) or at the end (<code>tail</code>) of a vector.<br />
Try these functions to show the first 5 and the last 7 elements of a randomly generated vector <code>v &lt;- rnorm( 20 )</code>.</li>
</ol>
<pre class="r"><code>v &lt;- rnorm( 20 )
v</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 0.5068930 -0.8579000 0.3697927 2.4286338 -1.3863157 1.4395960 -1.8650746 -1.0746163 0.7604108
[10] 0.9206525 1.0691901 -0.0830172 -1.3587455 -0.9709425 0.7437939 -0.7040173 -1.2746615 -0.2300284
[19] -1.2432912 -0.9428210</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -0.47465511 -1.39156173 0.94599564 -0.28072943 0.70682965 0.05442670 0.04890492 -0.09133841
[9] -1.35842026 -0.14845525 0.89861761 -0.70385881 -0.22203629 1.04295066 0.19396989 0.71295804
[17] -1.82175609 -0.27676056 -0.40934608 -0.20089985</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>head( v, 5 )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 0.5068930 -0.8579000 0.3697927 2.4286338 -1.3863157</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] -0.4746551 -1.3915617 0.9459956 -0.2807294 0.7068296</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>tail( v, 7 )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] -0.9709425 0.7437939 -0.7040173 -1.2746615 -0.2300284 -1.2432912 -0.9428210</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 1.0429507 0.1939699 0.7129580 -1.8217561 -0.2767606 -0.4093461 -0.2008998</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="extra-exercises" class="section level2">
<h2>Extra exercises</h2>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -653,18 +653,18 @@ <h2>Extra exercises</h2>
<pre class="r"><code>fileName &lt;- &quot;test.txt&quot;
v &lt;- sample( 1:100, 10 )
v</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 54 16 94 30 7 65 97 25 99 12</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 93 63 96 77 24 16 53 70 2 22</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>writeLines( as.character( v ) ) # conversion to character needed</code></pre>
<pre><code>54
<pre><code>93
63
96
77
24
16
94
30
7
65
97
25
99
12</code></pre>
53
70
2
22</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>writeLines( as.character( v ), con = fileName )
w &lt;- readLines( con = fileName )
identical( v, w ) # numbers are not the same as their text representation</code></pre>
Expand Down
96 changes: 48 additions & 48 deletions docs/S02L02l_useful_functions0.html
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Expand Up @@ -424,20 +424,20 @@ <h2>Sandbox vectors</h2>
<p>Let’s define some vectors which can be used for demonstrations:</p>
<pre class="r"><code>manyNumbers &lt;- sample( 1:1000, 20 )
manyNumbers</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 159 148 404 361 489 714 537 934 505 127 584 401 678 423 386 390 544 428 133 552</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 846 852 487 260 331 658 552 733 742 148 822 678 500 73 133 687 249 127 688 378</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>manyNumbersWithNA &lt;- sample( c( NA, NA, NA, manyNumbers ) )
manyNumbersWithNA</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] NA 423 361 678 714 584 544 401 489 159 390 133 505 934 NA 127 537 148 552 NA 428 404 386</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 148 688 133 852 73 846 331 NA 260 687 249 378 678 487 NA 500 552 NA 127 658 733 742 822</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>duplicatedNumbers &lt;- sample( 1:5, 10, replace = TRUE )
duplicatedNumbers</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 1 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 2</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 4 4 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>letters</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] &quot;a&quot; &quot;b&quot; &quot;c&quot; &quot;d&quot; &quot;e&quot; &quot;f&quot; &quot;g&quot; &quot;h&quot; &quot;i&quot; &quot;j&quot; &quot;k&quot; &quot;l&quot; &quot;m&quot; &quot;n&quot; &quot;o&quot; &quot;p&quot; &quot;q&quot; &quot;r&quot; &quot;s&quot; &quot;t&quot; &quot;u&quot; &quot;v&quot; &quot;w&quot; &quot;x&quot; &quot;y&quot; &quot;z&quot;</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>LETTERS</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] &quot;A&quot; &quot;B&quot; &quot;C&quot; &quot;D&quot; &quot;E&quot; &quot;F&quot; &quot;G&quot; &quot;H&quot; &quot;I&quot; &quot;J&quot; &quot;K&quot; &quot;L&quot; &quot;M&quot; &quot;N&quot; &quot;O&quot; &quot;P&quot; &quot;Q&quot; &quot;R&quot; &quot;S&quot; &quot;T&quot; &quot;U&quot; &quot;V&quot; &quot;W&quot; &quot;X&quot; &quot;Y&quot; &quot;Z&quot;</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>mixedLetters &lt;- c( sample( letters, 5 ), sample( LETTERS, 5 ) )
mixedLetters</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] &quot;o&quot; &quot;b&quot; &quot;a&quot; &quot;v&quot; &quot;j&quot; &quot;R&quot; &quot;Q&quot; &quot;P&quot; &quot;K&quot; &quot;O&quot;</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] &quot;l&quot; &quot;e&quot; &quot;v&quot; &quot;a&quot; &quot;y&quot; &quot;G&quot; &quot;E&quot; &quot;O&quot; &quot;K&quot; &quot;M&quot;</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="are-allany-elements-true" class="section level2">
<h2>Are all/any elements TRUE</h2>
Expand All @@ -463,11 +463,11 @@ <h2>Are all/any elements TRUE</h2>
<h2>Which elements are TRUE</h2>
<p><em>Input:</em> logical vector <em>Output:</em> vector of numbers (positions)</p>
<pre class="r"><code>which( manyNumbers &gt; 900 )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 8</code></pre>
<pre><code>integer(0)</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>which( manyNumbersWithNA &gt; 900 )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 14</code></pre>
<pre><code>integer(0)</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>which( is.na( manyNumbersWithNA ) )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 1 15 20</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 8 15 18</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="filtering-vector-elements" class="section level2">
<h2>Filtering vector elements</h2>
Expand All @@ -477,12 +477,12 @@ <h2>Filtering vector elements</h2>
<li><em>Note:</em> several ways to get the same effect</li>
</ul>
<pre class="r"><code>manyNumbers[ manyNumbers &gt; 900 ] # indexing by logical vector</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 934</code></pre>
<pre><code>integer(0)</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>manyNumbers[ which( manyNumbers &gt; 900 ) ] # indexing by positions</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 934</code></pre>
<pre><code>integer(0)</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>somePositions &lt;- which( manyNumbers &gt; 900 )
manyNumbers[ somePositions ]</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 934</code></pre>
<pre><code>integer(0)</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="are-some-elements-among-other-elements" class="section level2">
<h2>Are some elements among other elements</h2>
Expand All @@ -501,16 +501,16 @@ <h2>Are some elements among other elements</h2>
<pre class="r"><code>any( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] TRUE</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>mixedLetters[ mixedLetters %in% LETTERS ]</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] &quot;R&quot; &quot;Q&quot; &quot;P&quot; &quot;K&quot; &quot;O&quot;</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] &quot;G&quot; &quot;E&quot; &quot;O&quot; &quot;K&quot; &quot;M&quot;</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>mixedLetters[ !( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS ) ]</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] &quot;o&quot; &quot;b&quot; &quot;a&quot; &quot;v&quot; &quot;j&quot;</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] &quot;l&quot; &quot;e&quot; &quot;v&quot; &quot;a&quot; &quot;y&quot;</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>manyNumbers %in% 300:600</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
[18] TRUE FALSE TRUE</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
[18] FALSE FALSE TRUE</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>which( manyNumbers %in% 300:600 )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 3 4 5 7 9 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 20</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 3 5 7 13 20</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>sum( manyNumbers %in% 300:600 )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 13</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 5</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="pick-one-of-two-three-depending-on-condition" class="section level2">
<h2>Pick one of two (three) depending on condition</h2>
Expand All @@ -520,87 +520,87 @@ <h2>Pick one of two (three) depending on condition</h2>
<li><em>Note:</em> it can take care of <code>NA</code>s</li>
</ul>
<pre class="r"><code>if_else( manyNumbersWithNA &gt;= 500, &quot;large&quot;, &quot;small&quot; )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] NA &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot;
[14] &quot;large&quot; NA &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; NA &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot;</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;small&quot; NA &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot;
[14] &quot;small&quot; NA &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot; NA &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot;</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>if_else( manyNumbersWithNA &gt;= 500, &quot;large&quot;, &quot;small&quot;, &quot;UNKNOWN&quot; )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] &quot;UNKNOWN&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot;
[11] &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;UNKNOWN&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;UNKNOWN&quot;
[21] &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot; </code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;UNKNOWN&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot;
[11] &quot;small&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;UNKNOWN&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;UNKNOWN&quot; &quot;small&quot; &quot;large&quot;
[21] &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot; &quot;large&quot; </code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code># here integer 0L is needed instead of real 0.0
# manyNumbersWithNA contains integer numbers and the method complains
if_else( manyNumbersWithNA &gt;= 500, manyNumbersWithNA, 0L ) </code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] NA 0 0 678 714 584 544 0 0 0 0 0 505 934 NA 0 537 0 552 NA 0 0 0</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 0 688 0 852 0 846 0 NA 0 687 0 0 678 0 NA 500 552 NA 0 658 733 742 822</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="duplicates-and-unique-elements" class="section level2">
<h2>Duplicates and unique elements</h2>
<ul>
<li><em>Input:</em> a vector</li>
</ul>
<pre class="r"><code>unique( duplicatedNumbers )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 1 3 5 2</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 4 1 2 3</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>unique( c( NA, duplicatedNumbers, NA ) )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] NA 1 3 5 2</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] NA 4 1 2 3</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>duplicated( duplicatedNumbers )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="positions-of-maxmin-elements" class="section level2">
<h2>Positions of max/min elements</h2>
<pre class="r"><code>which.max( manyNumbersWithNA )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 14</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 4</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>manyNumbersWithNA[ which.max( manyNumbersWithNA ) ]</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 934</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 852</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>which.min( manyNumbersWithNA )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 16</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 5</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>manyNumbersWithNA[ which.min( manyNumbersWithNA ) ]</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 127</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 73</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>range( manyNumbersWithNA, na.rm = TRUE )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 127 934</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 73 852</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="sortingordering-of-vectors" class="section level2">
<h2>Sorting/ordering of vectors</h2>
<pre class="r"><code>manyNumbersWithNA</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] NA 423 361 678 714 584 544 401 489 159 390 133 505 934 NA 127 537 148 552 NA 428 404 386</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 148 688 133 852 73 846 331 NA 260 687 249 378 678 487 NA 500 552 NA 127 658 733 742 822</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>sort( manyNumbersWithNA )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 127 133 148 159 361 386 390 401 404 423 428 489 505 537 544 552 584 678 714 934</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 73 127 133 148 249 260 331 378 487 500 552 658 678 687 688 733 742 822 846 852</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>sort( manyNumbersWithNA, na.last = TRUE )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 127 133 148 159 361 386 390 401 404 423 428 489 505 537 544 552 584 678 714 934 NA NA NA</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 73 127 133 148 249 260 331 378 487 500 552 658 678 687 688 733 742 822 846 852 NA NA NA</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>sort( manyNumbersWithNA, na.last = TRUE, decreasing = TRUE )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 934 714 678 584 552 544 537 505 489 428 423 404 401 390 386 361 159 148 133 127 NA NA NA</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 852 846 822 742 733 688 687 678 658 552 500 487 378 331 260 249 148 133 127 73 NA NA NA</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>manyNumbersWithNA[1:5]</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] NA 423 361 678 714</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 148 688 133 852 73</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>order( manyNumbersWithNA[1:5] )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 3 2 4 5 1</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 5 3 1 2 4</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>rank( manyNumbersWithNA[1:5] )</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 5 2 1 3 4</code></pre>
<pre><code>[1] 3 4 2 5 1</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>sort( mixedLetters )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] &quot;a&quot; &quot;b&quot; &quot;j&quot; &quot;K&quot; &quot;o&quot; &quot;O&quot; &quot;P&quot; &quot;Q&quot; &quot;R&quot; &quot;v&quot;</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] &quot;a&quot; &quot;e&quot; &quot;E&quot; &quot;G&quot; &quot;K&quot; &quot;l&quot; &quot;M&quot; &quot;O&quot; &quot;v&quot; &quot;y&quot;</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="ranking-of-vectors" class="section level2">
<h2>Ranking of vectors</h2>
<pre class="r"><code>manyDuplicates &lt;- sample( 10:15, 10, replace = TRUE )
rank( manyDuplicates )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 10.0 4.0 6.0 4.0 1.5 1.5 8.0 4.0 8.0 8.0</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 9.0 6.5 9.0 2.5 1.0 6.5 9.0 4.5 2.5 4.5</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>rank( manyDuplicates, ties.method = &quot;min&quot; )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 10 3 6 3 1 1 7 3 7 7</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 8 6 8 2 1 6 8 4 2 4</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>rank( manyDuplicates, ties.method = &quot;random&quot; )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 10 3 6 4 1 2 7 5 8 9</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] 10 6 9 2 1 7 8 5 3 4</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="rounding-numbers" class="section level2">
<h2>Rounding numbers</h2>
<pre class="r"><code>v &lt;- c( -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1, rnorm( 10 ) )
v</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -1.0000000 -0.5000000 0.0000000 0.5000000 1.0000000 -1.3567544 -0.5357007 -1.9638927 -1.3536890
[10] 0.5531375 0.2536436 0.8945281 -1.1225877 -0.6856098 -0.1121617</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -1.0000000 -0.5000000 0.0000000 0.5000000 1.0000000 -0.9843264 -0.7281775 -0.1550162 -0.2553143
[10] -1.0911730 -0.3469435 -1.6596504 0.1390499 0.8675331 0.7196380</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>round( v, 0 )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -1 0 0 0 1 -1 -1 -2 -1 1 0 1 -1 -1 0</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -1 0 0 0 1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 0 -2 0 1 1</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>round( v, 1 )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.4 -0.5 -2.0 -1.4 0.6 0.3 0.9 -1.1 -0.7 -0.1</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.7 -0.2 -0.3 -1.1 -0.3 -1.7 0.1 0.9 0.7</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>round( v, 2 )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 -1.36 -0.54 -1.96 -1.35 0.55 0.25 0.89 -1.12 -0.69 -0.11</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 -0.98 -0.73 -0.16 -0.26 -1.09 -0.35 -1.66 0.14 0.87 0.72</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>floor( v )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -1 -1 0 0 1 -2 -1 -2 -2 0 0 0 -2 -1 -1</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -1 -1 0 0 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 0 0 0</code></pre>
<pre class="r"><code>ceiling( v )</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -1 0 0 1 1 -1 0 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 0 0</code></pre>
<pre><code> [1] -1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 1 1 1</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="naming-vector-elements" class="section level2">
<h2>Naming vector elements</h2>
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